Sunday, 22 February 2026

HMX MEMORY

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Here’s a concise bullet-point summary of the HM story and key memory insights:


HM (Henry Molaison) – The Man with No Memory

  • Born 1926, Connecticut; developed severe epilepsy early in life.

  • 1953: Underwent surgery by Dr. William Scoville removing parts of hippocampus and amygdala.

  • Surgery slightly reduced seizures but caused anterograde amnesia: could not form new long-term memories.

  • Lived permanently in the present tense, remembering only ~30 seconds.


Key Scientific Findings from HM

  • Immediate memory intact: could recall numbers or sentences momentarily.

  • Motor learning preserved: could learn skills without remembering practicing them (e.g., mirror-tracing).

  • Memory localization: hippocampus essential for forming new explicit (episodic) memories.

  • General knowledge preserved: pre-operative knowledge stored in neocortex remained intact.

  • Emotional memories survive: HM could remember post-operative famous people/events if emotionally significant.


HM’s Sense of Self

  • Partial sense of self: knew about his surgery and memory deficits.

  • No personal autobiographical memories post-surgery.

  • Limited future planning; lived almost entirely in the present.


Legacy

  • HM passed away in 2008; brain preserved for research.

  • Case launched modern memory research: proved that memory is complex, localized, and involves multiple circuits.

  • Inspired studies on memory, emotion, identity, and brain function.


Early Memory & Child Development (Elaine Reese)

  • Early parent-child conversations strengthen memory consolidation.

  • Elaborative reminiscing: asking open-ended questions about experiences helps toddlers form coherent autobiographical memories.

  • Children with richer early memory development show better well-being, higher self-esteem, and lower anxiety/depression.

  • Family stories (even of events not personally experienced) reinforce identity, resilience, and language skills.


If you want, I can also make an ultra-condensed “1-minute read” version that hits only the absolute essentials of HM’s story. Do you want me to do that?

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