To give you all 23 points accurately, we have to look at the meticulous work of Professor Arthur L. Herman. In his seminal study, The Problem of Evil and Indian Thought, he identifies approximately 21 to 23 historical "sub-solutions" that have been used by theologians and philosophers to explain why evil exists.
He then refines these into eight major categories (distinct solutions). To address your request for all points, I have listed the refined categories and the specific arguments that comprise the "23" historical attempts to solve the puzzle.
The 8 Master Solutions (Refined from the 23)
The Aesthetic Solution: Evil is like the shadows in a painting. Up close, it looks dark, but from a distance, it is necessary for the beauty of the whole masterpiece.
The All-Powerful Solution: God's power is so beyond human logic that what we call "evil" is actually a good we simply cannot understand.
The Free Will Solution: God is not the author of evil; human beings (and other free creatures) are. We were given freedom, and we chose to misuse it.
The Discipline Solution: Suffering is a "gym" for the soul. It exists to build character, patience, and spiritual strength (the "Soul-making" theodicy).
The Illusion (Maya) Solution: Evil doesn't actually exist. It is a product of our ignorant perception. When we see the "Beyond the Beyond," the problem vanishes.
The Limited-God Solution: God is all-good but not all-powerful. He wants to stop evil but is limited by the laws of nature or matter.
The "Privation" Solution (St. Augustine): Evil is not a "thing" created by God; it is merely the absence of good (like blindness is the absence of sight).
The Rebirth/Karma Solution: This is the one Herman finds most logical. Every "innocent" sufferer is actually paying a debt from a previous life. Justice is perfect and automated.
The 23 Detailed Historical Arguments
These are the specific logic-gates used by philosophers like Plato, Augustine, Leibniz, and the Indian Sages:
Direct Punishment: Evil is a just penalty for sin.
Warning/Prevention: Minor evil prevents a greater evil.
The "Contrast" Argument: We wouldn't know "Good" without "Evil" to compare it to.
Testing of Faith: Evil is a test to see if a person’s devotion is genuine.
Natural Necessity: Physical laws (like gravity) are good, but they occasionally cause harm (falling).
The "Privatio Boni": Evil is just a hole in the fabric of being.
Divine Mystery: "God's ways are not our ways."
The Best World: This specific mix of good and evil is the mathematically "best possible" version.
The Principle of Plenitude: A perfect universe must contain all possible things, including the lowest and "evil" things.
Human Perspective: We call it evil only because it hurts us (ego-centric bias).
Balance of Nature: Death is necessary for new life to begin.
Character Growth: Suffering creates "saints."
Punishment for Forefathers: (The "sins of the father" argument).
Demonic Agency: Evil is caused by other supernatural beings (Satan/Asuras), not God.
God as a Fellow Sufferer: God is in the "black hole" with us, suffering as we do.
The "Lila" (Divine Play): The universe is a game God is playing with Himself.
Evolutionary Necessity: Struggle is the engine of biological and spiritual progress.
The Delayed Reward: Evil is temporary; the afterlife will compensate 100-fold.
Karmic Retribution: No act goes unpaid (Karmaphal).
Self-Chosen Suffering: Before birth, the soul chose this life's challenges for growth.
The "Great Chain of Being": Some creatures must be at the "bottom" for the chain to be complete.
Non-Duality: Good and Evil are two sides of the same coin; neither is ultimate.
The End of Time: Everything will eventually be resolved/dissolved back into the One.
TAGLINE
The 23 Keys: Man’s Infinite Effort to Excuse the Silence of the Infinite.
Since we’ve laid out the logical "excuses" for evil, would you like to explore why the Karma solution (Point 19) is considered the only one that doesn't require a "Fairy Tale" to work?