— Back To The Truth: 5000 Years Of Advaita by Dennis Waite
A “nyAya literally means “that into which a thing goes back,” a “standard” or “rule.” Its traditional originator was Gautama in the 3rd Century BC. It was so called because the system “goes into” all physical and metaphysical subjects in a very logical manner.
vaisheShika was a later development of nyAya by the theologian, Kanada and was named after the nine “essentially different substances” believed to constitute matter.
sAMkhya was founded by Kapila. The word literally means “relating to number” and refers to the “reckoning up or enumerating” of the 25 tattvas or “true principles.” It is a dualistic system concerned with the liberation of the spirit (puruSha) from the bonds of creation (prakRRiti).
yoga refers to the system of Patanjali, which aims to unite the individual spirit with Ishvara, the manifest form of the Absolute. It is closely related to sAMkhya and its practices bear some relation to Buddhism.
mImAMsA literally means “profound thought, reflection or consideration” and “examination of the Vedic text.”
pUrva mImAMsA is principally concerned with the earlier parts of the Vedas,”
“uttara mImAMsA is concerned chiefly with the latter parts of the Vedas, the more philosophical j ~ nAna kANDa, i.e. the Upanishads, and is commonly known as Vedanta. Its founder was bAdarAyaNa, who authored the brahmasUtras.
There are three main schools: dvaita, the dualistic philosophy associated with the philosopher madhva;
advaita, non-dualism associated with shaMkara; vishiShTAdvaita, qualified non-dualism, associated with rAmAnuja. (uttara means “later, following, subsequent” and also “superior, chief, excellent.”)”
Aldous Huxley refers to the “Perennial Philosophy” and summarizes his understanding in his introduction to the Bhagavad Gita: At the core of the Perennial Philosophy we find four fundamental doctrines. First: the phenomenal world of matter and of individualized consciousness-the world of things and animals and men and even gods-is the manifestation of a Divine Ground within which all partial realities have their being, and apart from which they would be non-existent. Second: human beings are capable not merely of knowing about the Divine Ground by inference; they can also realize its existence by a direct intuition, superior to discursive reasoning. This immediate knowledge unites the knower with that which is known.”
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