Sometimes described as “sound meditation,” chants may articulate sutras, mantras, invocations, requests for protection, or reminders of ethical commitments and vows. In Tibetan Buddhism, complex visualization practices are chanted, accompanied by ritual instruments; in Pure Land Buddhism and Nichiren, chanting is a devotional core practice that gives those with sincere aspirations access to transformative blessings; and in some forms of Zen, collective chanting offers a direct experience of reality by short-circuiting individualism and conceptual thinking.
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