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• This article presents an excellent overview of appropriate management of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), and amaurosis fugax based on the review of literature as well as author’s own research. The author suggests that urgent evaluations of carotid artery, heart, fasting lipid levels, and complete blood count constitute the most important investigations, rather than neurological evaluations—unless, there are neurological symptoms.
• The author also mentions that there is a misconception that the absence of any abnormality on carotid artery evaluation or echocardiography of the heart always rules out those sites as the source of embolism.

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May this suffering serve to awaken compassion. ~ Traditional Prayer of Kwan Yin

May this suffering serve to awaken compassion. ~ Traditional Prayer of Kwan Yin 

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Student loan & interest: £20,000. Your earnings: £35,000.
As you repay 9% of everything above £25,000 your annual repayment is £900.

- Student loan & interest: £50,000. Your earnings: £35,000. 
As you repay 9% of everything above £25,000 your annual repayment is £900.

- To get silly to prove a point: student loan & interest: £1 billion. Your earnings: £35,000. 
As you repay 9% of everything above £25,000 your annual repayment is £900.

TEMPTN BUNDLING- IF YOU EAT A COOKE, EAT AN APPLE

You’re more likely to do the thing you don’t want to do when you’re stressed out,” Poldrack says.

You’re more likely to do the thing you don’t want to do when you’re stressed out,” Poldrack says.

Many of these rewarding stimuli—like sugar or substances—are powerful, too. And our physiological reaction to them in present day can be linked all the way back to evolution, says Poldrack. In the cavemen days, meat wasn’t salted, dry-rubbed or grilled to perfection. “Our brains aren’t well-equipped to deal with the big rush one gets from these sorts of things,” Poldrack says. As a result, the frontal lobe, the brain’s “control center,” gets overwhelmed, he says.

Many of these rewarding stimuli—like sugar or substances—are powerful, too. And our physiological reaction to them in present day can be linked all the way back to evolution, says Poldrack. In the cavemen days, meat wasn’t salted, dry-rubbed or grilled to perfection. “Our brains aren’t well-equipped to deal with the big rush one gets from these sorts of things,” Poldrack says. As a result, the frontal lobe, the brain’s “control center,” gets overwhelmed, he says.

SUGAR X DOPAMINE

Many habits—including smoking or excess sugar consumption—involve the brain’s dopamine (or reward) system. 

MO 136 CTDN -TIANMEN MT CHNA

VK UNI BIOSC

UK universities ranked by subject area: Biosciences

Go to overall league table

1	St Andrews	100	96.5	96.9	79.6	8.9	9	204	8	72	96.7
2	Oxford	99.1	86.5	89.9	68.8	11.7	10	217	8	85	98.3
2	Cambridge	99.1	93.4	92.8	77.8	12	10	242	4	83	98.9
4	Warwick	93.1	87.3	91.1	78.1	10	10	160	7	84	95.6
5	Ulster	90.3	91.5	93.5	82.2	9.8	5	130	10	71	94.6
6	York	88.5	89.8	91.7	79.2	13.7	10	177	4	81	97.0
6	Dundee	88.5	92.0	93.8	68.7	12.2	9	185	5	88	94.4
8	Durham	87.9	94.1	89.0	70.7	15.8	5	204	7	80	96.9
9	Portsmouth	87.2	92.7	93.2	78.9	12.4	7	111	8	82	95.5
10	Surrey	86.6	89.9	93.6	78.1	14.6	7	158	7	76	98.1
11	Bristol	86.5	96.5	95.0	68.9	14.9	8	178	7	75	97.3
12	Staffordshire	86.3	92.7	94.7	82.6	10.5	7	101	4	80	n/a
13	Imperial College	86	82.2	84.9	63.6	14.1	8	208	7	88	95.8
14	Exeter	85.2	89.0	92.2	76.3	15.4	4	176	7	81	97.1
15	Birmingham	84.8	90.1	91.1	77.0	14.7	8	161	7	81	96.5
16	Lancaster	84.1	95.7	92.8	75.6	12.1	7	159	3	84	94.3
17	Nottingham Trent	84	94.2	88.8	80.7	13	4	142	7	87	91.8
18	Teesside	81.8	91.5	91.2	74.4	18.6	4	121	n/a	80	93.8
19	Lincoln	81.7	94.4	94.2	75.8	16.2	4	137	8	69	93.8
20	Brunel	81.6	95.1	96.5	82.3	19.6	3	136	9	72	93.4
21	Southampton	81.1	96.6	94.5	77.9	17.4	4	153	5	79	98.8
22	King's College London	80.9	91.5	92.4	70.1	11.8	7	171	6	80	92.7
23	Essex	80.7	89.5	90.1	85.1	17.9	4	110	9	79	94.6
24	Manchester	80.6	87.8	90.8	72.9	13.6	9	167	5	74	96.8
24	Royal Veterinary College	80.6	90.6	94.3	68.3	10.9	8	142	3	79	96.2
26	UCL	80.5	88.1	90.2	62.9	15.3	9	190	8	70	98.5
27	Bath	80.1	87.1	90.3	61.0	15.8	5	182	8	78	96.9
28	Gloucestershire	80	92.7	87.5	73.7	14.6	4	115	8	72	97.0
28	Swansea	80	95.2	93.9	73.6	14	4	137	5	75	94.6
30	Edinburgh	79.9	84.4	86.4	61.0	9	10	177	5	72	91.6
30	Leicester	79.9	91.8	92.9	73.1	12.4	9	139	5	73	94.5
32	Nottingham	79.5	86.9	91.4	71.3	15.7	7	157	8	74	96.0
33	Leeds	79.4	91.7	91.0	68.9	13.1	9	162	6	76	95.4
34	Worcester	79.2	87.6	90.5	80.7	17.3	3	108	9	68	94.3
35	Glasgow	79.1	91.1	92.8	68.6	17.8	9	201	6	71	93.7
35	Newcastle	79.1	89.1	90.9	73.3	15.7	6	160	5	75	98.1
37	Sussex	78.8	91.6	93.8	65.7	19	9	149	6	84	93.9
38	Aberystwyth	78.2	95.8	93.8	81.9	15.8	8	124	4	72	94.4
39	Aston	77.7	89.5	94.9	69.8	17.3	6	138	8	79	93.4
39	Liverpool Hope	77.7	96.4	95.8	89.2	10.4	2	118	1	n/a	n/a
41	Abertay Dundee	77.3	97	91	78.0	17.1	3	138	7	71	n/a
42	UEA	76.9	91.8	84.4	56.9	13	4	142	9	79	94.6
43	Liverpool	76.6	86.9	90.0	72.5	15.8	8	143	6	76	96.6
44	Kent	76.3	91.5	90.4	71.7	21	5	136	3	93	96.9
45	Cardiff Met	76	91.8	94.0	62.2	15.1	4	117	9	68	92.4
46	St Mary's, Twickenham	75.9	83.8	85.0	76.5	11	3	113	3	n/a	93.6
47	Sheffield	75	85.8	87.5	63.1	17.2	5	159	4	79	97.5
48	Oxford Brookes	73.5	85.1	88.3	69.5	15.2	8	124	6	69	97.5
48	Greenwich	73.5	84.2	84.0	74.3	10.7	9	125	10	55	86.1
50	Plymouth	72.9	90.7	93.6	81.5	17.6	6	135	5	55	95.6
51	UWE Bristol	72.2	90.3	92.5	69.6	19.9	4	127	7	76	92.1
52	Coventry	72	84.7	88.0	70.4	24.8	4	119	7	89	93.4
52	West of Scotland	72	91.3	90.5	80.2	20.3	3	155	8	n/a	n/a
52	Derby	72	89.3	93.7	80.6	18	4	118	4	70	95.6
55	Stirling	71.9	86.4	91.7	61.2	11.1	4	164	7	n/a	92.6
56	Edge Hill	71.5	82.5	89.4	72.7	12.9	9	123	5	59	92.0
57	Aberdeen	70.9	90.3	92.6	74.6	17.4	7	182	7	62	90.2
58	Keele	70.8	86.1	86.4	76.8	16.5	4	130	3	71	95.7
59	Sunderland	70.7	92.9	91.3	71.8	14.7	3	114	8	63	90.1
60	Brighton	70.6	82.2	89.3	72.2	16.2	4	105	8	70	91.6
61	Central Lancashire	70.4	81.4	89.6	62.8	18.5	4	135	10	76	n/a
62	Cardiff	70	85.6	90.7	62.9	14	7	153	3	71	95.8
62	Kingston	70	86.6	84.9	74.1	8.7	6	109	5	58	89.7
64	St George's UoL	68.9	76	83.0	51.6	15.8	7	157	4	76	97.9
65	Roehampton	68.6	90.7	85.3	70.5	15.7	6	104	3	72	91.5
66	Manchester Met	68.2	83.5	84.6	72.1	14.1	3	126	3	65	94.7
67	Chester	68	80.2	87.4	72.1	16.2	5	110	4	77	90.9
68	Huddersfield	67.8	92.3	89.5	85.7	18.7	4	128	3	79	83.7
69	Northumbria	67.7	78.9	83.1	54.6	20.2	3	136	9	79	96.5
69	Royal Holloway	67.7	92.9	91.0	77.2	16.3	6	133	2	69	92.8
71	Hertfordshire	67.1	80.9	86.6	78.4	21.1	3	112	4	81	90.2
72	Reading	66.8	86.1	89.8	69.5	16.5	7	141	2	67	95.6
73	Queen Margaret	66.6	78.4	79.7	65.1	22	2	150	10	74	91.0
73	SRUC	66.6	92.1	97.8	60.8	n/a	4	143	n/a	63	n/a
75	Robert Gordon	66.2	83.0	89.8	61.3	18.5	3	174	1	87	94.2
76	Middlesex	65.6	93.2	91.1	57.2	15.6	4	114	3	n/a	n/a
77	Strathclyde	64.9	88.9	88.2	51.8	20.8	10	182	1	81	95.9
78	Queen Mary	64.6	79.4	79.8	52.5	16.1	7	143	5	74	96.1
79	Queen's, Belfast	64.1	80.0	86.0	50.8	14.8	5	146	7	69	94.4
80	South Wales	63.5	79.2	76.3	63.0	16.6	3	126	7	66	92.6
81	Hull	63.4	81.3	85.6	70.4	23.3	4	125	4	73	95.2
82	Edinburgh Napier	63	81.9	90.5	72.0	15.7	3	159	4	n/a	88.3
82	Sheffield Hallam	63	92.8	89.4	76.6	23.5	4	116	4	69	92.2
82	Glasgow Caledonian	63	75.4	87.8	64.8	17.4	3	173	3	79	88.6
85	Westminster	62.8	78.9	78.6	62.9	17.9	4	119	5	70	90.4
85	Bournemouth	62.8	79.1	85.4	66.5	16.3	3	115	9	59	93.1
87	Salford	62.7	89.2	88.1	72.2	19.5	3	123	4	62	91.7
88	Bath Spa	62.3	87.5	88.1	82.8	22.8	3	119	2	82	89.2
89	Liverpool John Moores	61.5	84.0	86.4	77.2	19.8	3	139	6	54	90.6
90	Bradford	60.7	83	86.8	67.6	19.8	4	114	7	71	87.6
91	Leeds Beckett	60.5	86.7	88.3	72.3	22.4	3	121	5	72	89.9
91	Birkbeck	60.5	72.5	79.4	70.8	13.3	7	91	1	n/a	90.7
93	London Met	60.2	83.2	83.8	64.9	23	2	108	3	80	90.1
94	Bangor	59.7	93.4	91.0	64.8	19.2	3	140	4	48	95.4
95	Cumbria	59.4	83.8	85.4	77.1	22.8	2	114	n/a	n/a	n/a
96	Heriot-Watt	59.3	71	79.7	57.8	16.6	4	159	3	74	93.1
97	Wolverhampton	58.8	84.8	86.4	66.1	23	3	108	5	69	89.5
98	Anglia Ruskin	56.5	86.6	90.1	74.4	17	4	105	3	n/a	84.4
99	East London	54.5	70.8	79.7	61.3	26.1	3	96	n/a	n/a	90.9
100	Northampton	53.6	78.3	85.8	72.9	24	3	104	n/a	n/a	84.3
101	Canterbury Christ Church	50	76.6	82.5	66.2	16.8	3	80	4	50	88.8
102	Bedfordshire	48.7	80.0	82.4	55.2	24.4	4	83	3	68	90.5
103	London South Bank	46	69.3	77.5	50.8	13.2	5	97	1	57	88.1
104	Suffolk	36.4	56.1	64.5	52.4	17.8	3	110	1	n/a