NEANDERTHAL MAP

Various studies, using mtDNA analysis, yield varying effective populations, such as about 1,000 to 5,000; 5,000 to 9,000 remaining constant; or 3,000 to 25,000 steadily increasing until 52 kya before declining until extinction.

(about 200 000 years ago in real time), the first Neanderthal emerged. ... They appeared in Europe about 120 000 years ago and some scientists think that Neanderthals evolved to live in the cold ice ages and became extinct when the climate warmed up

around 42,000 years ago

Gibraltar's Neanderthals may have been the last members of their species. They are thought to have died out around 42,000 years ago, at least 2,000 years after the extinction of the last Neanderthal populations elsewhere in Europe.