Tuesday 30 April 2019
P HOW THE PENNY DROPPED MEEVI BSHBY XILSON DISEASE
FANCONI KIDNEY
AUTOIMM HLYTIC ANEMIA
LOW ALK PASE
AUTOIMM HLYTIC ANEMIA
LOW ALK PASE
p WILSON
Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Wilson's disease.
Abstract
Low values for serum alkaline phosphatase activity were observed early in the course of two patients with Wilson's disease presenting with the combination of severe liver disease and Coombs' negative acute hemolytic anemia. A review of other cases of Wilson's disease revealed that 11 of 12 patients presenting with hemolytic anemia had values for serum alkaline phosphatase less than their respective sex- and age-adjusted mean values; in eight, serum alkaline phosphatase activity was less than the lower value for the normal range of the test. Low values for serum alkaline phosphatase were much less common in Wilson's disease patients with more chronic forms of presentation. Copper added in high concentration to serum in vitro did not have an important effect on serum alkaline phosphatase activity. The mechanism responsible for the decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity in patients is uncertain.
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UNEXPRESSABLE EMOTION WORDS
1. Sonder: The realization that each passerby has a life as vivid and complex as your own.
2. Opia: The ambiguous intensity of Looking someone in the eye, which can feel simultaneously invasive and vulnerable.
3. Monachopsis: The subtle but persistent feeling of being out of place.
4 Énouement: The bittersweetness of having arrived in the future, seeing how things turn out, but not being able to tell your past self.
5. Vellichor: The strange wistfulness of used bookshops.
6. Rubatosis: The unsettling awareness of your own heartbeat.
7. Kenopsia: The eerie, forlorn atmosphere of a place that is usually bustling with people but is now abandoned and quiet.
8. Mauerbauertraurigkeit: The inexplicable urge to push people away, even close friends who you really like.
9. Jouska: A hypothetical conversation that you compulsively play out in your head.
10. Chrysalism: The amniotic tranquility of being indoors during a thunderstorm.
11. Vemödalen: The frustration of photographic something amazing when thousands of identical photos already exist.
12. Anecdoche: A conversation in which everyone is talking, but nobody is listening
13. Ellipsism: A sadness that you’ll never be able to know how history will turn out.
14. Kuebiko: A state of exhaustion inspired by acts of senseless violence.
15. Lachesism: The desire to be struck by disaster – to survive a plane crash, or to lose everything in a fire.
16. Exulansis: The tendency to give up trying to talk about an experience because people are unable to relate to it.
17. Adronitis: Frustration with how long it takes to get to know someone.
18. Rückkehrunruhe: The feeling of returning home after an immersive trip only to find it fading rapidly from your awareness.
19. Nodus Tollens: The realization that the plot of your life doesn’t make sense to you anymore.
20. Onism: The frustration of being stuck in just one body, that inhabits only one place at a time.
21. Liberosis: The desire to care less about things.
22. Altschmerz: Weariness with the same old issues that you’ve always had – the same boring flaws and anxieties that you’ve been gnawing on for years.
23. Occhiolism: The awareness of the smallness of your perspective.
2. Opia: The ambiguous intensity of Looking someone in the eye, which can feel simultaneously invasive and vulnerable.
3. Monachopsis: The subtle but persistent feeling of being out of place.
4 Énouement: The bittersweetness of having arrived in the future, seeing how things turn out, but not being able to tell your past self.
5. Vellichor: The strange wistfulness of used bookshops.
6. Rubatosis: The unsettling awareness of your own heartbeat.
7. Kenopsia: The eerie, forlorn atmosphere of a place that is usually bustling with people but is now abandoned and quiet.
8. Mauerbauertraurigkeit: The inexplicable urge to push people away, even close friends who you really like.
9. Jouska: A hypothetical conversation that you compulsively play out in your head.
10. Chrysalism: The amniotic tranquility of being indoors during a thunderstorm.
11. Vemödalen: The frustration of photographic something amazing when thousands of identical photos already exist.
12. Anecdoche: A conversation in which everyone is talking, but nobody is listening
13. Ellipsism: A sadness that you’ll never be able to know how history will turn out.
14. Kuebiko: A state of exhaustion inspired by acts of senseless violence.
15. Lachesism: The desire to be struck by disaster – to survive a plane crash, or to lose everything in a fire.
16. Exulansis: The tendency to give up trying to talk about an experience because people are unable to relate to it.
17. Adronitis: Frustration with how long it takes to get to know someone.
18. Rückkehrunruhe: The feeling of returning home after an immersive trip only to find it fading rapidly from your awareness.
19. Nodus Tollens: The realization that the plot of your life doesn’t make sense to you anymore.
20. Onism: The frustration of being stuck in just one body, that inhabits only one place at a time.
21. Liberosis: The desire to care less about things.
22. Altschmerz: Weariness with the same old issues that you’ve always had – the same boring flaws and anxieties that you’ve been gnawing on for years.
23. Occhiolism: The awareness of the smallness of your perspective.
ENOUMENT X CHRYSALISM
"Énouement," defined as “the bittersweetness of having arrived in the future, seeing how things turn out, but not being able to tell your past self.” A psychology of aging in the form of an eloquent dictionary entry. Sometimes the relationship is less subtle, but still magical, as in the far from sorrowful “Chrysalism: The amniotic tranquility of being indoors during a thunderstorm.”
HEINLEIN They didn't want it good, they wanted it Wednesday."
They didn't want it good, they wanted it Wednesday.
One in 10 Asthma attacks are linked to air pollution
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One in 10 Asthma attacks are linked to air pollution
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“pâro”: the feeling that no matter what you do is always somehow wrong
“pâro”:
the feeling that no matter what you do is always somehow wrong
Anecdoche”—"a conversation in which everyone is talking, but nobody is listening”
Anecdoche”—"a conversation in which everyone is talking, but nobody is listening”
SONDER
“Sonder,” which describes the sudden realization that everyone has a story, that “each random passerby is living a life as vivid and complex as your own.” This shock can seem to enlarge or diminish us, or both at the same time. Psychologists may have a term for it, but ordinary speech seemed lacking.
Vemödalen: The Fear That Everything Has Already Been Done
Vemödalen: The Fear That Everything Has Already Been Done
All the failures in my life freed me from all my fears so that I can succeed." -- Patience Johnson
All the failures in my life freed me from all my fears so that I can succeed."
-- Patience Johnson
-- Patience Johnson
P KD X SPONT DEFERVESCENCE WITHIN 10 DAYS X AT RISK OF COR AN
18.9% of KD patients with spontaneous defervescence had coronary aneurysms. Even without initial coronary lesions, such patients were still riskier to develop coronary aneurysms, compared with KD patients who received IVIG therapies. Such findings address the importance of refining the strategy for use of IVIG in the spontaneously defervesced KD patients within 10 days after fever onset, at least in those with age younger than 1 year and those with leukocytosis.
IAHR X Irritation, anger, hate, and rage are just progressions. If you feel the mildest sense of irritation, that’s what you need to work on.
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GM Poor olfaction is an independent predictor of mortality among apparently healthy older adults, according to a long-term study in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
Poor olfaction is an independent predictor of mortality among apparently healthy older adults, according to a long-term study in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
P NAI X LO IQ Exposure to maltreatment or trauma early in life is linked to lower IQ, research finds. Being abused, physically or emotionally, neglected or witnessing domestic violence, was linked to an IQ score 7 points lower, on average.
Exposure to maltreatment or trauma early in life is linked to lower IQ, research finds.
Being abused, physically or emotionally, neglected or witnessing domestic violence, was linked to an IQ score 7 points lower, on average.
P 23%–28% Percentage of new cases of asthma in children aged 2 to 17 years attributable to obesity
23%–28%
Percentage of new cases
of asthma in children
aged 2 to 17 years
attributable to obesity
There has to be breathing in as well as breathing out. We need to have both the active and the contemplative. We need time to just be with ourselves, and to become genuinely centered, when the mind can just be quiet. —Jetsunma Tenzin Palmo, “Three Kinds of Laziness”
There has to be breathing in as well as breathing out. We need to have both the active and the contemplative. We need time to just be with ourselves, and to become genuinely centered, when the mind can just be quiet.
—Jetsunma Tenzin Palmo, “Three Kinds of Laziness”
—Jetsunma Tenzin Palmo, “Three Kinds of Laziness”
Being open to new experiences and more extraverted are both linked to higher intelligence, research finds. People who are open to experience tend to have a more active imagination, higher sensitivity to beauty and more intellectual curiosity, among other things.
Being open to new experiences and more extraverted are both linked to higher intelligence, research finds.
People who are open to experience tend to have a more active imagination, higher sensitivity to beauty and more intellectual curiosity, among other things.
Positivity is one of the best personality traits for a partner, research finds. Women who have positive partners report less marital conflict.
Positivity is one of the best personality traits for a partner, research finds.
Women who have positive partners report less marital conflict.
My sole literary ambition is to write one good novel, then retire to my hut in the desert, assume the lotus position, compose my mind and senses, and sink into meditation, contemplating my novel - Edward Abbey
My sole literary ambition is to write one good novel, then retire to my hut in the desert, assume the lotus position, compose my mind and senses, and sink into meditation, contemplating my novel - Edward Abbey
One of the hardest things to remember about practice is that we’ve truly never experienced this moment before. —Alex Tzelnic, “How to Resist the Comfort of Repetition”
One of the hardest things to remember about practice is that we’ve truly never experienced this moment before.
—Alex Tzelnic, “How to Resist the Comfort of Repetition”
—Alex Tzelnic, “How to Resist the Comfort of Repetition”
There has to be breathing in as well as breathing out. We need to have both the active and the contemplative. We need time to just be with ourselves, and to become genuinely centered, when the mind can just be quiet. —Jetsunma Tenzin Palmo, “Three Kinds of Laziness”
There has to be breathing in as well as breathing out. We need to have both the active and the contemplative. We need time to just be with ourselves, and to become genuinely centered, when the mind can just be quiet.
—Jetsunma Tenzin Palmo, “Three Kinds of Laziness”
—Jetsunma Tenzin Palmo, “Three Kinds of Laziness”
Monday 29 April 2019
LYF X ROAD IS THE GOAL
Once you realize that the road is the goal and that you are always on the road, not to reach a goal, but to enjoy its beauty and its wisdom, life ceases to be a task and becomes natural and simple, in itself an ecstasy. ~ Nisargadatta Maharaj 
Being a car commuter with obesity linked to a 32% increased early death risk
Being a car commuter with obesity linked to a 32% increased early death risk
A thirty-minute walk in the morning significantly lowers blood pressure for the rest of the day, new research finds.
A thirty-minute walk in the morning significantly lowers blood pressure for the rest of the day, new research finds.
Eating two teaspoons of nuts each day is linked to better memory, thinking and reasoning, new research reveals.
Eating two teaspoons of nuts each day is linked to better memory, thinking and reasoning, new research reveals.
Still your mind in me, still yourself in me, and without a doubt you shall be united with me, Lord of Love, dwelling in your heart. - Bhagavad Gita
Still your mind in me, still yourself in me, and without a doubt you shall be united with me, Lord of Love, dwelling in your heart. - Bhagavad Gita
Do everything like it is the last thing you do. There is nothing to hold back, nothing to save for later.
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DTR CRSS X BIOMED IT IS
Buddhism is optimistic, joyful with the possibility of our liberation. We can find harmful tendencies in ourselves, begin to free ourselves from our conditioned responses, guilt, and grief. Individuals do this; communities do this; religions and nations can do this.
—Sallie Tisdale, “Lost Stories”
—Sallie Tisdale, “Lost Stories”
MIFU Use lunch as an act of self-care.
When life is hectic, stay centered. Many of us tend to get so caught up in the busyness of a weekday that we forget to bring self-care and compassion into stressful moments, risking eventual burnout. Explore these four habits at work to inject some mindful kindness into your 9-to-9.
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Mindfulness Practice: Watching the Weather
Mindfulness Practice: Watching the Weather
One mindfulness practice that builds awareness of thoughts is called “watching the weather.” Just as we might lie back in the grass on a warm autumn day and watch the sky, we sit for a moment and note thoughts as they come and go.
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MIFU X When thoughts come, let them go
When thoughts come, let them go. Our thoughts hold a lot of sway over our well-being—but by learning to simply observe them, like we would watch clouds drifting, negative thoughts can lose their power over us. Try this thought-watching practice to build the mental habit of noticing thoughts without necessarily believing them.
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An individual with depression might typically notice a mood shift and get sucked into a vortex of despair. I can’t handle this again, I’ll never get better, nothing works for me. Following that cycle, another depressive episode settles in. But with MBCT, people learn to notice a negative pattern of thinking and redirect it before sliding into another full episode. My mood’s down, it’s not my fault, and I’ve gotten through it before and I will again.
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Mindfulness can help us build awareness of how we think. That’s because in reality our ideas are actually nothing more than ideas. Many only add stress to already stressful situations. There’s a time for problem solving and analysis, for creativity and random fun. There’s also a time for letting things alone. Not all ruminations, assumptions, or imagined futures are worth—quite literally—a moment’s thought.
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Whether we want them to or not, thoughts come and go like clouds in the sky.
//////////////////////INNER HECKLER
Our inner heckler takes a far harsher perspective on our lives than we would ever take toward our closest family and friends. It hurts, and maybe makes us feel incapable of change, and yet most of the time judges us on nothing particularly valid.
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Caught in the mental squall, there’s not much point yelling or trying to force the critical voice away. Instead, we can acknowledge we don’t love the fact that our inner weather has turned nasty but not contest it either. That’s the critic spouting off again, thanks anyway. We don’t have to validate less helpful thoughts by engaging or fighting with them quite so much.
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With mindfulness we check in and find we don’t have to identify quite so closely with some of the storylines we create in our minds: That’s a disturbing story about the future I’ve created, but I’m doing what I can.
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Our experience is always changing. Without awareness, mental patterns related to what we crave and what we fear make life harder. Long past the time for valuable problem solving or learning from experience, rumination and other patterns continue and amplify stress. Thinking can be the problem, not the solution, when there’s nothing more to fix or to be done.
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An individual with depression might typically notice a mood shift and get sucked into a vortex of despair. I can’t handle this again, I’ll never get better, nothing works for me. Following that cycle, another depressive episode settles in. But with MBCT, people learn to notice a negative pattern of thinking and redirect it before sliding into another full episode. My mood’s down, it’s not my fault, and I’ve gotten through it before and I will again.
///////////////////
Mindfulness can help us build awareness of how we think. That’s because in reality our ideas are actually nothing more than ideas. Many only add stress to already stressful situations. There’s a time for problem solving and analysis, for creativity and random fun. There’s also a time for letting things alone. Not all ruminations, assumptions, or imagined futures are worth—quite literally—a moment’s thought.
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Whether we want them to or not, thoughts come and go like clouds in the sky.
//////////////////////INNER HECKLER
Our inner heckler takes a far harsher perspective on our lives than we would ever take toward our closest family and friends. It hurts, and maybe makes us feel incapable of change, and yet most of the time judges us on nothing particularly valid.
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Caught in the mental squall, there’s not much point yelling or trying to force the critical voice away. Instead, we can acknowledge we don’t love the fact that our inner weather has turned nasty but not contest it either. That’s the critic spouting off again, thanks anyway. We don’t have to validate less helpful thoughts by engaging or fighting with them quite so much.
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With mindfulness we check in and find we don’t have to identify quite so closely with some of the storylines we create in our minds: That’s a disturbing story about the future I’ve created, but I’m doing what I can.
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Our experience is always changing. Without awareness, mental patterns related to what we crave and what we fear make life harder. Long past the time for valuable problem solving or learning from experience, rumination and other patterns continue and amplify stress. Thinking can be the problem, not the solution, when there’s nothing more to fix or to be done.
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Mindfulness Practice: Watching the Weather
One mindfulness practice that builds awareness of thoughts is called “watching the weather.” Just as we might lie back in the grass on a warm autumn day and watch the sky, we sit for a moment and note thoughts as they come and go.
SYMPATHETIC JOY V SELFISH JOY V SCHADENFRAUDE V SELF PITY WALLOW
Joy is to delight in other's pleasure and success;
It is to cultivate the wish that all have happiness.
It is a joy one feels when they achieve it for themselves
And is the wish that they should never be deprived of it.
It is to cultivate the wish that all have happiness.
It is a joy one feels when they achieve it for themselves
And is the wish that they should never be deprived of it.
The Treasury of Precious Qualities. Root verses Chapter 7, verses 4-7
JIGME LINGPA (1729-1798)
Sunday 28 April 2019
SAD MUSIC
There’s an entire genre named after sadness, and the blues inspired nearly all modern music in one way or another. Classical music is filled with dirges, elegies, laments, requiems, and “countless tear-jerkers.” Listen to the music of any ancient society and you will likely find the same. Humans, it seems, have some innate need to hear sad songs.
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Among the most common were nostalgia, a desire for connection, and a sense of “common humanity.” The participants also cited aesthetic appreciation and a “re-experiencing of their affect” in which the sad song helped them express their feelings and find relief.
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Among the most common were nostalgia, a desire for connection, and a sense of “common humanity.” The participants also cited aesthetic appreciation and a “re-experiencing of their affect” in which the sad song helped them express their feelings and find relief.
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Against “the provocative idea” argued in other research “that depressed people are seeking to perpetuate their low mood,” the study instead found that those “who favored sad music said that they did so because it was relaxing, calming or soothing.”
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Top 50 Sad Songs | টপ ৫০ স্যাড সংস | HD Songs | One Stop Jukebox
Top 50 Sad Songs | টপ ৫০ স্যাড সংস | HD Songs | One Stop Jukebox
“The purpose of education is to replace an empty mind with an open one.” - Malcolm Forbes
“The purpose of education is to replace an empty mind with an open one.”
- Malcolm Forbes
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GRIEF COMMUNICN
1. I’m sorry you’re suffering right now, but I’m here with you and willing to help any way I can. Is there anything you need right now?
2. I’m sorry for whatever challenges might lie ahead for you, but I’m here and willing to help. Would it be okay if I call next week just to check in with you?
3. Please accept my deepest condolences. I can’t imagine what you must be going through right now, but I know enough about grief to know that it can be very challenging. Don’t hesitate to call me if there’s anything I can do to help.
4. I’m so sorry to hear about _____. I’m sure you’re going to miss him/her terribly. How are you holding up?
5. I know there’s nothing I can say right now to make things better, but I also know that having someone to talk to at times like this is really important, so don’t hesitate to call me whenever you need to.
Life is full of beauty. Notice it. Notice the bumble bee, the small child, and the smiling faces. Smell the rain and feel the wind. Live your life to the fullest potential, and fight for your dreams." -- Ashley Smith
Life is full of beauty. Notice it. Notice the bumble bee, the small child, and the smiling faces. Smell the rain and feel the wind. Live your life to the fullest potential, and fight for your dreams."
-- Ashley Smith
-- Ashley Smith
Detoxification of fats and sugars Regular consumption of tea promotes detoxification of unhealthy fats and sugars. Polyphenols in tea promote detoxification and malabsorption (non-absorption) of fats and sugars and is a healthy natural detox. This significantly enhances metabolic health. Green tea catechins also decrease the absorption of triglycerides and cholesterol, increasing the excretion of fat.
Detoxification of fats and sugars
Regular consumption of tea promotes detoxification of unhealthy fats and sugars.
Polyphenols in tea promote detoxification and malabsorption (non-absorption) of fats and sugars and is a healthy natural detox. This significantly enhances metabolic health. Green tea catechins also decrease the absorption of triglycerides and cholesterol, increasing the excretion of fat.
Boost Calorie Burn Catechins and caffeine increase thermogenesis or natural calorie burn. This powerful combination enables our bodies to metabolize body fat and push stored energy (glucose and body fat) into a readily usable form. This process increases fat burning for energy which is exactly the desired effect of fasting. Drinking tea with meals can also help prevent the absorption of carbohydrates and sugar.
Boost Calorie Burn
Catechins and caffeine increase thermogenesis or natural calorie burn.
This powerful combination enables our bodies to metabolize body fat and push stored energy (glucose and body fat) into a readily usable form. This process increases fat burning for energy which is exactly the desired effect of fasting.
This powerful combination enables our bodies to metabolize body fat and push stored energy (glucose and body fat) into a readily usable form. This process increases fat burning for energy which is exactly the desired effect of fasting.
Drinking tea with meals can also help prevent the absorption of carbohydrates and sugar.
Catechins in tea reduce hunger pangs during fasting by regulating ghrelin, the hunger hormone.
Catechins in tea reduce hunger pangs during fasting by regulating ghrelin, the hunger hormone.
PRNTS X FRLTY SNDRM
Frailty syndrome
Revised and reviewed 15 August 2015
OVERVIEW
- Frailty is a multidimensional syndrome characterized by loss of physiologic and cognitive reserves in vulnerability that predisposes to the accumulation of deficits and adverse outcomes from acute stressors
- Frailty correlates with increasing age, but is not an inevitable consequence of ageing
- Frailty affects ~10% of those aged >65y, and ~25+% of those aged >85y
- Frailty is a dynamic condition, and is potentially reversible
- Frailty is more than simply the combination of disability (functional impairment) and the presence of comorbidities
- no single operational definition or simple assessment tool for frailty has been agreed upon
MODELS OF FRAILTY
Two major frailty models have been described: the frailty phenotype and the frailty index:
- The frailty phenotype defines frailty as a distinct clinical syndrome meeting three or more of five phenotypic criteria: weakness, slowness, low level of physical activity, self-reported exhaustion, and unintentional weight loss
- The frailty index defines frailty as cumulative deficits identified in a comprehensive geriatric assessment.
Proposed clinical definition of the frailty phenotype (McDermid et al, 2009) (aka Fried’s definition or Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) definition)
Criteria:
- Decreased grip strength
- Self-reported exhaustion
- Unintentional weight loss of more than 4.5 kg over the past year
- Slow walking speed
- Low physical activity
Definition
- Positive for frail phenotype: ≥3 criteria present
- Intermediate/pre-frail: one or two criteria present
- Non-frail: no criteria present
Frailty Index
- Frailty Index — a detailed 70-item inventory of clinical deficits, often used in research
- Unclear if adds additional benefit to Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA)
- Appears to be a more sensitive predictor of adverse health outcomes than the fragility phenotype
- Does not attempt to distinguish frailty from disability or comorbidity; does not incorporate a pathogenic basis
Other Diagnostic Tools
- There are numerous tools for the assessment of fragility, none of which are proven to have greater clinical utility compared to the others
- Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is considered the gold standard, but cannot readily be performed in an acute care setting — This is a “multidisciplinary, diagnostic process to describe the medical, psychological and functional capabilities of a frail older person in order to keep a co-ordinated, integrated plan for long-term treatment and follow-up”
- Edmonton Frail Scale — simpler assessment of function that is valid and reliable (see Table 1 from Wyrko, 2015)
- Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) — 7-point scale that correlates with frailty index (Rockwood et al, 2005)
- Simple tests (high sensitivity, low specificity)
- slow walking speed: >5 seconds to walk 4 metres
- timed up-and-go test: >10 seconds to stand from a chair, walk 3 metres, turn round and sit down again
- a score of 3 or above on the PRISMA 7 questionnaire (see www.bgs.org.uk/campaigns/fff/fff_full.pdf)
PATHOGENESIS
Etiology/ risk factors
- ageing
- genetics
- lifestyle
- diseases
- environment
Potential mechanisms resulting in Frailty phenotype
- chronic inflammation
- effects on CVS, haematological, endocrine and musculoskeletal systems
Results in adverse health outcomes (death, disability, dependency and falls)
MANAGEMENT
Management strategies that may be of benefit:
- Early physiotherapy (e.g. early mobilisation) and occupational therapy input to establish usual functional baseline, provide walking aids and prevent unnecessary deterioration by prolonged bed rest
- Pharmacology
- Dose reduction is often appropriate in the frail elderly
- Pharmacy involvement for medicines reconciliation to reduce drug interactions and iatrogenic harm
- Early assessment and treatment of complications of acute illness that are common in patients with frailty:
- delirium
- falls risk
- pressure sore risk
- Nutrition support
- Early discussion of end of life goals and appropriate limitation of invasive therapies to avoid unnecessary iatrogenic harm
PROGNOSIS
Assessment of frailty and poor physiological reserve is becoming increasingly important as we become more cognisant of the poor longterm outcomes and costs associated with intensive care of the frail
- Critically ill elderly frail patients, compared to similarly aged non-frail patients have worse outcomes (morbidity, mortality and institutionalisation)
- Critically ill patients of all ages may share characteristics with frail elderly patients: “deficits associated with frailty, which typically take years to accumulate in the outpatient geriatric population, rapidly develop in a large proportion of critically ill patients independent of age and illness severity” (McDermid et al, 2009)
The dead may outnumber the living on Facebook within 50 years
The dead may outnumber the living on Facebook within 50 years
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Saturday 27 April 2019
NARRATIVE TYPES X 22
Narrative forms include:
- Autobiography – a detailed description or account of the storyteller's own life.
- Biography – a detailed description or account of someone's life.
- Captivity narrative – a story in which the protagonist is captured and describes their experience with the culture of their captors.
- Epic – a very long narrative poem, often written about a hero or heroine and their exploits.
- Epic poem – a lengthy story of heroic exploits in the form of a poem.
- Fable – a didactic story, often using animal characters who behave like people.
- Fantasy – a story about characters that may not be realistic and about events that could not really happen.
- Folk tale – an old story which has been passed down orally and which reveals the customs of a culture.
- Historical fiction – stories which take place in real historical settings and which often feature real historical figures and events, but which center on fictional characters or events.
- Legend – a story that is based on fact but often includes exaggerations about the hero (e.g. the East African legend of Fumo Liyongo in the coast of Kenya).
- Memoir – similar to an autobiography, except that memoirs generally deal with specific events in the life of the author.
- Myth – an ancient story often meant to explain the mysteries of life or nature.
- News – information on current events which is presented by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third party or mass audience.
- Nonlinear narrative – a story whose plot does not conform to conventional chronology, causality, and/or perspective.
- Novel – a long, written narrative, normally in prose, which describes fictional characters and events, usually in the form of a sequential story.
- Novella – a written, fictional, prose narrative normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel.
- Parable – a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, which illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles.
- Play – a story that is told mostly through dialogue and is meant to be performed on stage.
- Quest narrative – a story in which the characters must achieve a goal. This includes some illness narratives.
- Realistic fiction – stories which portray fictional characters, settings, and events that could exist in real life.
- Short story – a brief story that usually focuses on one character and one event.
- Tall tale – a humorous story that tells about impossible happenings, exaggerating the hero's accomplishments.
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