HYDROPS FETALIS

Conditions Associated With Hydrops Fetalis

Condition Type	Specific Conditions
Hemolytic anemias	Alloimmune, Rh, Kell, α-chain hemoglobinopathies (homozygous α-thalassemia) Red blood cell enzyme deficiencies (glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)
Other anemias	Fetomaternal hemorrhage Twin–twin transfusion Diamond–Blackfan
Cardiac conditions	Premature closure of foramen ovale Ebstein anomaly Hypoplastic left or right heart Subaortic stenosis with fibroelastosis Cardiomyopathy, myocardial fibroelastosis Atrioventricular canal Myocarditis Right atrial hemangioma Intracardiac hamartoma or fibroma Tuberous sclerosis with cardiac rhabdomyoma
Cardiac arrhythmias	Supraventricular tachycardia Atrial flutter Congenital heart block
Vascular malformations	Hemangioma of the liver Any large arteriovenous malformation Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification
Vascular accidents	Thrombosis of umbilical vein or inferior vena cava Recipient in twin–twin transfusion
Infections	Cytomegalovirus, congenital hepatitis, human parvovirus, enterovirus, other viruses Toxoplasmosis, Chagas disease Coxsackie virus Syphilis Leptospirosis
Lymphatic abnormalities	Congenital lymphatic dysplasia Lymphatic malformations Lymphangiectasia Cystic hygroma Noonan syndrome Multiple pterygium syndrome Congenital chylothorax Hereditary lymphedema type 1
Nervous system lesions	Absence of corpus callosum Encephalocele Cerebral arteriovenous malformation Intracranial hemorrhage (massive) Holoprosencephaly Fetal akinesia sequence
Pulmonary conditions	Cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung Mediastinal teratoma Diaphragmatic hernia Lung sequestration syndrome Lymphangiectasia
Renal conditions	Urinary ascites Congenital nephrosis Renal vein thrombosis Invasive processes and storage disorders Tuberous sclerosis Gaucher disease Mucopolysaccharidosis Mucolipidosis
Chromosome abnormalities	Trisomy 13, trisomy 18, trisomy 21 Turner syndrome 46, XX/XY chimerism
Bone diseases	Osteogenesis imperfecta Achondroplasia Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy
Gastrointestinal conditions	Bowel obstruction with perforation and meconium peritonitis Small bowel volvulus Other intestinal obstructions Prune-belly syndrome
Tumors	Neuroblastoma Choriocarcinoma Sacrococcygeal teratoma Hemangioma or other hepatic tumors Congenital leukemia Cardiac tumors Renal tumors
Maternal or placental conditions	Maternal diabetes Maternal therapy with indomethacin Multiple gestation with parasitic fetus Chorioangioma of placenta, chorionic vessels, or umbilical vessels Toxemia Systemic lupus erythematosus
Miscellaneous	Neu–Laxova syndrome Myotonic dystrophy Hereditary lymphedema type 1
Idiopathic